Coca Colas product range and services

Coca Colas product range and services Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in the stores, restaurants, and vending machines of more than 200 countries. It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke (a registered trademark of The Coca-Cola Company in the United States since March 27, 1994). Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century. The company produced concentrate which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout to the world. The bottlers, who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the company, produce finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. The bottles then sell, distribute and merchandise Coca-Cola to retails stores and vending machines. Such bottlers include Coca-Cola Enterprises, which is the largest single Coca-Cola bottler in North America and Western Europe. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains to major restaurant and food service distributor. The Coca-Cola Company has, an occasion, introduce other cola drinks under the Coke brand name. The most common of these is Diet Coke, with others including Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Cherry, Coca-Cola Zero, and special editions with lemon, lime, or coffee. (The Coca-Cola Company Profile, www.wikipedia.com, 2011) Product and Services The Coca-Cola Company sells the products form of soft drinks include beverage concentrates and syrups, with major beverage products. Business has more than 300 beverage brands all over the world with a major to be Coke, Fanta, Lift, Sprite, Frutopia 100% Fruit Juice, and Powerade. The Coca-Cola Company Beverages its packages into plastic bottles of sizes 2 liters, 1.25 liters, 600ml and 300ml. these are also available in aluminium cans of 375ml. Coca-Cola is the most well-known trademark, recognized by 94 percent of the world population. Business was very successful and has an excellent reputation. The price of Coca-Cola are various according to size, place, and packaging. Maybe if Coca-Cola sells in the school will have different price if the Coca-Cola sells in the bazaar or market, or if we compare the price of Coca-Cola in Indonesia will different in America. (My blog Dewi Irianty, 2011) As information from Coca-Cola Amatil (CCA) Indonesia (Profile Company, www.Coca-Colaamatil.co.id, 2011) Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia (CCBI) is a manufacturer and distributor of soft-drinks in Indonesia. We manufacture and distribute products licensed from The Coca-Cola Company. In addition to providing quality products and high standards, we also provide the best support services, both for our customer (distribution partners) as well as consumers. To support the best service, the CCBI provides the National Contact Center (NCC), a service center for customer and consumers throughout Indonesia. NCC serves as a medium for customers and consumers who need information or any services related to the Company and the products of Coca-Cola. Services from the NCC include: Customer service which includes the request for a customers, refrigeration equipment, ordering products from both traditional and modern outlets, and other matters related to the distribution or sale; Customer service which includes product information, product quality and packaging, products promotion and activities; Frequently Asked Question which include the research, practice or internship and job vacancies the CCBI, request to visits to the factory CCBI, offering services and products for CCBI. The suggest 90% of our customers prefer to buy of Coca-Cola in a cold state. To support increase sales growth and push the level of benefits to our customers, the role of Cold Drink Equipment (cooling equipment) becomes important. Therefore, we always to ensure that the Cold Drink Equipment that are in all our outlets to function properly and have an interesting view. One of the special program conducted by Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia to realize that goal is to provide new services, RED desk for customers who already have a cooler of Coca-Cola. Types of services available are: Receive and handle complaints of damage from the outlet of Cold Drink Equipment as well as the Sales Center Receive and handle request installation or withdrawal from the outlet of Cold Drink Equipment and Sales Center Answering question about the Cold Drink Equipment Services Coca-Cola Why the Coca-Cola Company goes to International Business it because they want to spread the product all over the world, and people will know the product. Beside that reason, the Coca-Cola also wants to raise the revenue and it will affect the production and the production will up because the demand of the product is growth up too. Its not about just the company get the advantage from this market, but the government will also get the revenue because The Coca-Cola Company do the export-import where there is a tax will raise the income of the government. The Coca-Cola Company is often appointed to be a sponsor of FIFA World Cup Football. Coca-Cola became sponsor of the World Cup almost every year held the World Cup including the 2010 World Cup. (www.google.com, www.scribd.com, 2011) The differences between across countries and home country The differences between across country and home country shown in the products they are produced. Each country have the different product although they have same name products, there are some products may be same. In Indonesia Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia or Coca-Cola Company produced the products in the bottle with ordinary design and non-alcohol, it because in Indonesia the government not allowed it. But, in America they have extraordinary design with the different design every product. In Indonesia they dont have a unique design like the product of America, and in America they have many products of Coca-Cola. This matter of concern is supposed to be the core differences between across country and home country. (Products list of Coca-Cola, www.thecoca-colacompany.co.id, 2011), (Product Coca-Cola, www.google.com, 2011) Strategy To support their products The Coca-Cola Company has strategy to their products and their company, the strategy such as sales and marketing, manufacturing and distribution, and innovation. To support their sales and marketing, they designed many programs which are pointed to consumers and loyalty of their products. Sales and Marketing Promotion Various promotions designed not only to increase their sales and marketing, but also to continue improve their consumer satisfaction and loyalty of their products. Serving Their Customers Customer Service Center (CSC) is designed to continue improve their customer satisfaction and loyalty their products by providing superior levels of service to their customers based on their specific needs. Area Marketing Contractor Encourage by the companys limited resources to cost-effectively service certain operating areas directly and strong commitment to create job opportunities in the informal sector, Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia (CCBI) continue develops its product distribution system through small and medium-sized business in Indonesia. Under the system, CCBI works with two mains of third parties: Area Marketing Contractors known as AMCs, and street vending. Serving their products At Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia, we are commits to providing their customers with a range of Cold Drink Equipment to support their business. From ice chests for kiosk, to electric coolers for retail outlets, vending machines and street vending, we lend these facilities to the customer at no cost, so they can sells Coca-Cola Products cold op their consumers. HoReCa Having partnership with many hotels, restaurants, and cafes, their give many great offerings through HoReCa programs. (The Coca-Cola Company sales and marketing, www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011) Manufacturing and Distribution The production of all products sold and distributed by Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia takes place in Indonesia. There are ten production plants located throughout Indonesia. Over the years, our plants in Indonesia have been awarded prizes from the Coca-Cola Company for attaining standards above those similar plants located in others part of the world. All production plants meet and frequently exceed international standards and local regulatory requirements and undergo regular audits in the areas of quality control, environmental, health, and safety practices. Coca-Cola beverages products began as raw material and go through many stages as follows: Ingredients Preparations, Mixing, Washing, Filling Capping, Coding, Inspection, Packaging, and Loading. Coca-Cola will not only sell products to their customers but also give instructions on how to merchandise the product. Sales supervisors also regularly visit customers and provide advice and listen to any input that the customers may provide, it will be a great contribution to the company. Overall sales and distribution policy is directed by the National Office, located in Cibitung, Bekasi, but the execution of the policy is carried out by well qualified and experienced regional and area operational managers and their staff. Apart from that, the bottling plants in Indonesia always welcome visitors who would like to know more about explore their hygienic and state-of-the-art production process. Coca-Cola indicates their innovation through some continuance research and development activities. They try to develop Indonesia typical products. Moreover, many variations of packages and accessories are now easily found throughout Indonesia. The reputation of Coca-Cola in Indonesia was only recognized as the large forces with main carbonated beverage company, now has changed become total beverage company in line with the production of fast non-carbonated beverage. It commenced from the issuance of Frestea, tea beverage, on the last June 2002. Now it becomes the second largest fast beverage product in Indonesia. Furthermore, Coca-Cola has marketed Sunfill Syrup and powder, and Ades mineral water outside Jabodetabek. In the meantime, the packaging field always updates its innovations. After the Refillable Glass Bottle, Frestea, Produced a couple years ago; it has been produced in more relax package last year (Tetra Wedge). It is believed to be easier and practice to bring. In the end of 2003, Coca-Cola, Sprite, and Fanta appeared in the tiny can package of 250ml. In addition, there is Glass Bottle which is light to 30% in its weight with a very tiny design but strong. Now it has started to market in Bali and for the near c oming years will be marketing nationwide. Innovation on selling facilities also developed continuously in order to meet the need of consumers and the current technology development. Some of us had to believe that Information Technology approach is really essential for every stands of company. Meanwhile, Coca-Cola bottling Indonesia has non-pollution materials. Besides increasing selling productivities, those new crates are expected to enhance the product of Coca-Cola in Indonesia. These continuous innovations have proven which as one of the famous beverage company in the world, Coca-Cola wants to provide its best for the consumers. New idea has presented and continuous investments have made in order to become the best beverage company in the world. (The Coca-Cola Company manufacturing and distribution, www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011) Innovation The Coca-Cola Company tries to make new innovation to develop their products. In addition, more packages and interesting accessories are now easily found throughout Indonesia. The reputation The Coca-Cola Company in Indonesia which is previously recognize as the main carbonated beverage company, has now changed become total beverage company in line with the production of fast non-carbonated beverage. It commenced from the issuance o f Frestea, Tea Beverage, on the last June 2002. Now, it becomes the second largest fast beverage product in Indonesia. Furthermore, Coca-Cola has marketed Sun Fill syrup and Powder, and Ades mineral water outside Jabotabek. In the field of packaging, Coca-Cola always updates its innovation. After Refillable Glass Bottle, Frestea, produced a couple years ago; it has been produced a last year in more relax package (Tetra Wedge) which is easier and more practice to bring. In the end of 2003, Coca-Cola, Sprite, and Fanta appeared in the tiny can package of 250ml. In addition there is Glass Bottle which is light to 30% in its weight with a very tiny design but strong. Now it has started to market in Bali and for the near coming years will be marketed nationwide. Innovation in selling facilities also developed continuously to meet the need of consumers and the current technology development. Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia has non pollution materials. Besides increasing productivities, those new creates are expected to enhance the product of Coca-Cola Indonesia. Those continuous innovations have proven that as one of the famous beverage company in the world, Coca-Cola wants to provide its best for the consumer. New idea has presented and continuous investments have made in order to become the best beverage company in the world. (The Coca-Cola innovation, www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011) Culture Culture is a part of external influences that impact the consumer. That is culture represents influences that are imposed on the consumer by other individuals. The culture every country is different, not just about culture of country but the company has also culture for their company. To gain their business, The Coca-Cola Company focus in all aspect such as focus in product, commitment to people development, graduate trainee program, job vacancy and the others. To keep the quality of product The Coca-Cola Company always controls the products to not disappointing the consumer. The Coca-Cola Company also held the events for their employees such as games, party, etc. The Coca-Cola Company has commitment for their company to always keep the believing from the peoples. (Lars Perner, Ph.D, www.consumerpsychologist.co.id , 2011) (www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011) Analyzes of PESTEL (Political-Economical-Social-Technological-Environmental-Legal) Political The non-alcoholic beverages falls in the category under the FDA and the government plays a role within the operation of manufacturing these products. For those companies that didnt meet the standard requirement which have been set by law, an amount of fines shall be deemed. The changes in laws and regulations, such as accounting standards, taxation requirements and environmental laws and foreign jurisdictions might affect the book of the company as well as their entry in foreign country. Apart from that, the changes in the nature of business as non-alcoholic beverages can gain competitive product and pricing pressures and the ability to improve or maintain the share in sales in global market as a result of action by competitors. An overview to the country internal markets and other governmental changes that affects their ability to penetrate the developing and emerging markets that involves the political and economic conditions. Indeed, Coca-cola always anticipates any changes in the political field and continuously monitoring the policies and regulations set by government. In the political variables, most of the things are related to Governmental activities. So, they dont leave any good or bad impact in the Industry of coke. Economical The issue of recession and inflation rates may affect the industry of coke. Non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages are also stands for good impact for a certain countries. Non-alcoholic beverages will stand better for Indonesia, Japan, Germany, and so on. On the other hand, alcoholic beverages will collect a high demand in USA, Australia, New Zealand, etc. It is supposed that economic have a negative impact to the demand of coca-cola products when the price changed because of recession and inflation. The economic situation of a country shall be strong in order to adapt to the economical changes. Social Lifestyles and attitudes of the market are supposed to change in a lifetime. It is also observed that the overall content in this world is categorized as baby boomers. This will continue to affect the non-alcoholic beverage industry by increasing the demand overall and in the healthier beverages. The main result is the decreasing demand for the carbonated drinks and is going to pull down the revenue of coca-cola. Technological IT department is demanded to be the most functional field. This creates opportunities for new products and product improvements in terms of marketing and production. New products always come along with the advance of technology. Through computers coke can increase the efficiency of its business and can have up -to-date data about their productions. This will be a way to monitor the needs of consumer. Environmental The Coca-Cola Company is providing consumers with simple moments of uniquely satisfying refreshment. The Coca-Cola Company work hard to infuse the environmental, health, and safety performance. Before The Coca-Cola Company discharge wastewater into a natural body of water, they treat that discharge water to a level capable of supporting fish life. Recognizing that environmental, health, and safety issues change as our understanding of these issues grows, they have developed a comprehensive system that follows international standards (including ISO 14001) and complies with the prevailing laws and regulations. All plants are audited regularly and have solid environment health and safety practices from waste management and reuse to occupational health and safety programs. Beyond the satisfaction of doing the right thing, our responsibility goes to the Indonesian people whose lives touch every day, and that responsibility includes conducting their business in ways that protect environment and promote the health and safety of our employees at the work places. Environment policy: PT. Coca-Cola Bottling Indonesia has commitment to always comprehend, prevent and reduce any negative impacts on environment due to its production process, to continuously provide high quality services and products to its customers and consumers, and to create a safe working environment. (The Coca-Cola Company environment, www.coca-colaamatil.co.id , 2011) Legal Legal aspect emphasizes on the effect of the national and world legislation. The industry of Coke receives all the rights applicable in the nature of their business. Every inventions and product developments are always going into the patented process led by governmental rules and regulations. This kind of legal approach leads to no highly negative impacts to industry of Coke as prescribed in Presidential decree. (http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/12/pestle-analysis-on-coca-cola.html ) Three Majors are very important from PESTEL Economical A few of economical crisis rises in many countries, especially underdeveloped and developing countries. Both categories seem not to have a strong economic level compared to developed countries. Inflation and recession will cause the economical situation of those countries to be unstable. Prices can be absurd and unaffordable. This will establish a pick from the demand which means stingy demand. The revenue of coca-cola industry will be decreased in many possible ways. In conclusion, the sales projection will be higher than realization. Bad reputation will then create another negative impact to the other fields of consequences. Social The lifestyle, trends, and culture of each country are all different. The countries such as Indonesia, Japan, Germany, Fiji, Papua Guinea, are approaching Sparkling beverages, still beverages, but not alcoholic beverages. This means industry of coke have to determine their products distribution in a simultaneous way. Producing the non-alcoholic beverages in such countries mentioned above will be able to collect a vast number of demands. Producing alcoholic beverages will be only wasted and only produced in a limited number which resulting in higher prices than the other products. This condition may not be affecting a country such as USA and Australia. Both of them are multicultural and many products are acceptable in both countries. The only trouble is only the competitors such as Pepsi and Nestle. Technology Apart from all the other filed, technological do affect most industry even Coca-Cola company. By using technology advantages, most developed industries in the world are having the advancement of technology as the source of their success. The core benefits are information, marketplace, and products development. Information always flows from the industry to the customers and vice versa. An industry is a physical form of conceptual plan. Every industry has to convert the source of information into data. The data can be accessed by customers in order to give reliable feedback to the industry itself. This will be the access point to the marketplace. Every country seems to have different tastes and needs. In this term, industry of coke can segment the market with potential demand. The potential demand may be differentiated into some categories. Meanwhile, the industry of Coke can do products development in order to fulfill the needs of consumer. This kind of monitoring session will bring up the flow into information again. Then, industry of Coke will have the updated information from customer again. Moreover, by the information received, industry of Coke can provide new information about their developed products and any promotion and details about the company.

Developmental Psychology Paper Essay

Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg. I decided to conduct personal interviews and relate my findings to these three theories. Piaget’s theory explained the four stages of cognitive development. Erikson divided psychosocial development into eight stages, describing how the people and the environment affects how we gain our personality. Kohlberg’s theory of moral development was to understand the reasoning to why we make the decisions we do. Below are how my finding relate to these various developmental psychological theories. Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development start with the sensorimotor stage. This stage is from birth to around two years of age when the infant creates their first understanding of the world around them by taste and touch. At two years of age to six or seven years, the child transitions into the pre-operational stage. In this stage the child’s thinking is still egocentric. Even though this age group has stable concepts and mental reasoning, they lack the logic for mental operations and can only think in their point-of-view. Then the concrete operational stage begins at about seven years old and lasts until the child is, approximate, eleven years old. During this stage, the child can understand and form simple mathematical operations. Egocentrism will be eliminated and they will no longer be able to see life from one perspective (their own point of view). Not only in mathematical operations, the child can perceive multiple aspects when solving a problem. At this stage, they begin to form a sense of responsibility for their pets and/or personal belongings. Formal operational, Piaget’s final stage, begins around age twelve and continues through adulthood. Formal operational phase is when the chid develops into an adult and is capable of abstract thought and moral reasoning influences decision making. The trial-and-error method begins here, along with the start of considering future outcomes and consequences from decisions. Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development begin with birth to the first year of life. During this time an infant is completely helpless and relies off their caretaker for everything. For this first year it is crucial for the caretaker of the infant to form a relationship for socialization development. The second stage extends from the first year of the child to age three, when there is a conflict between doubt or shame and autonomy. The genital, or third stage lasts from age four to age five. The conflict here is between imitative and a feeling of guilt. The fourth stage, the latency stage, lasts from six to eleven years old. This is when a child learns to reason, create, and earn. The conflict is be tween industry and inferiority. These first four stages are more dependent on others and the individual is easily influenced by their environment. The last four stages of Erikson’s developmental theory occurs when the individual begins to search for their mature self and a sense of direction. The fifth stage begins with adolescence, that lasts from age twelve to age eighteen. Here, the conflict is between identity and role confusion. The adolescent transitions into the young adulthood stage, lasting from age eighteen to twenty-five. This is a time when developing a sense of identity and career success. This is when the individual is on the path to maturity and independence. Adulthood lasts approximately from thirty-five, to fifty five years old. During this phase the adult starts to pass on their knowledge to another. The conflict is between generality or self absorption. The final stage of development is maturity. This stage lasts until death, when the individual struggles to look back on life with a sense of satisfaction and evaluate our life. Kohlberg’s theory of moral development provides us with a clearer understanding of why we make choices. This theory was divided into three stages of moral reasoning. The most basic stage, is pre-convention. During this stage the idea that we make our decisions due to fear of punishment or desire for reward occurs. A child is most likely to made decisions with this stage, due to a fear or obedience to authority. Next, conventional morality is less of a fear to an authority figure, more the individual wanting to do the right thing. This is society conforming us to play nice to maintain social order. Post-conventional may be the opposite of conventional. Post-conventional does not mean we do something wrong to beat conformity, but an individual will follow what they believe to be good even if it conflicts with the laws or mores of society. According to Piaget’s second stage, the pre-operational stage, the child’s thoughts and actions are egocentric and lack logic for mental operations. The child I interviewed had a self-centered outlook on life, lacking realistic goals and a chievements. At this time in the child’s life, they are also at Erikson’s latency stage, when they learn to reason, create, and earn, thus explaining why one of this child’s biggest accomplishments was mixing two sodas to create one. In conclusion, Piaget’s and Erikson’s theories can accurately predict a child’s thoughts and behaviors. Teenagers are more complicated, for they have moved past the latency stage into the adolescence stage. Identity development and role confusion are the larger conflicts. Also at this point, they transition into the formal operational stage, when they can think abstractly and make their own decisions. When asked if she had gained or lost self-confidence over the years, the girl I interviewed, Ashley, responded: â€Å"So I lost it throughout middle school, but gradually started gaining it through high school.† This is due to Ashley struggling and beginning to find her identity. She had already goals that she wanted to achieve and was able to predict what she wanted to do in five years. As a teenager, Ashley can make decisions for other reasons than fear of punishment or desire. A step away from adulthood, at adolescence Ashely is almost able to act and think like an adult. Adulthood is similar to adolescence in a way. Due to the fact that both adolescences and adults are able to make decisions using any of the previously mentioned moral reasoning strategies and both are in the formal operational stage. Whereas, adulthood continues to branch away from adolescence is only evident using Erikson’s developmental stages. The young adult I interviewed, Dustin, is on the fence of two stages: young adulthood and adulthood. By now, Dustin should have a sense of self and independence. â€Å"Back then I had no ambition, I just wanted to lay video games. I mean I still want to play video games, but I also want money and to be successful,† said Dustin when I asked him how different he was from when he started high school. Over the years his desires and goals changed as he matured with his career. Yet, at forty-seven with four kids and a career, the woman I interviewed had no problems understanding her identity ulike a teenager or young adult might have. Her conflicts are generality, feeling worthless or without purpose in life. According to Erikson, at this stage middle-aged adults have the desire to pass on their knowledge and skills to the next generation. When asked what she wanted to achieve in the next five years, she responded: â€Å"I want to get all four my kids financially independent and start saving money for retirement.† She also shared her hopes about her children getting married and having kids: â€Å"I’ll be able to play with them but not have to worry about all the responsibilities.† Towards the end of our lives when we reach elderly adulthood, various experiences can be fulfilling or disappointing. The final stage of Erikson’s theory, maturation, when the individual struggles to look back on what they have done with a sense of satisfaction. When I asked my grandma what she wanted to achieve in the next five years, there was a pause in her voice and I could tell the answer she blurted out was not genuine. Perhaps my grandma had been through so much, she no longer wanted to challenger herself with more life hurdles. â€Å"I think kids had more fun and didn’t worry about material things,† she said after I asked how things were different now compared to when she was a teenager. My grandma looked back on her past fondly, and offered me advice how I should act in the future. She had more advice and knowledge to pass on than plans ahead of her. Over the course of the implementing these theories into my personal interviews, I have learned that the development of the brain works in stages, and the three scientific studies could accurately predict the behaviors of the various age groups I questioned. In conclusion, the studies were very effective in explaining how our behaviors and development increase over time, and in which order they do.

In 1960, Frederick Wrote That Social Responsibility In

In 1960, Frederick wrote that Social responsibility in the final analysis implies a public posture toward society’s economic and human resources and a willingness to see that those resources are used for broad social ends and not simply for the narrowly circumscribed interests of private persons and firms (Frederick, 1987). Walton emphasized that the essential ingredient of the corporation’s social responsibilities include a degree of voluntarism, as opposed to coercion, an argument that business continues to put forth today. Walton also counseled the acceptance that costs are involved for which it may not be possible to gauge any direct measurable economic returns (Walton, 1967). The modern debate on CSR starts in the USA in 1970, when†¦show more content†¦The 1980s have been described as having a more responsible approach to corporate strategy (Lucas, et al., 2001). Prominent work was R. Edward Freeman’s, on the emerging Stakeholder Theory (Lucas et al., 2001; Post 2003; Windsor 2001). Freeman said that meeting shareholders needs is the only one element in a value-adding process and he also identified a range of stakeholders (including shareholders) who were relevant to the firm’s operations (Lucas et al., 2001). Freeman’s 1984 paper continues to be identified as a ‘seminal paper on stakeholder theory’, which expressed stakeholder theory as the ‘dominant paradigm’ in CSR (Mc Williams and Siegel, 2001). The decade of 1980s, according to Carroll, is identified as a period in which the issue that whether socially responsible firms could also be profitable firms was widely debated by scholars. If it could be demonstrated that they were, this would be an added argument in support of the CSR movement (Carroll, 1999). Aupperle, Carroll, and Hatfield‘s 1985 study of the relationship between CSR and profitability ordered the priorities of four components of CSR previously identified by Carroll, as economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary (Carroll, 1999). The definition of CSR has not been much expanded by the literature of 1990s, however, it has used the CSR concept as the building block, base point, or point-of –departure for other related themes andShow MoreRelatedMotivation in Modern ICT Industry Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesfor independence and a desire to learn new skills and challenges. What could be built on top of the characteristics discussed in this review are hygiene factors which will be discussed later on, when dealing with the Two Factor Theory proposed by Frederick Hertzberg. Studies show that these characteristics are primarily affected by personal traits that make up an individual. 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Southwark Council also contracted out housing management for a trial period in the 90’s in which Andrew and Robertson’s partly participated. In the 1960’s Andrew and Robertson expanded into auctioneering. The object of this section of the business aims to sell houses at auctions 4 times a year. However 1980 prior they only had two actions a year. The business aims to make a profit for the four senorRead MoreMartin Luther and the Reformation2927 Words   |  12 Pagesthe Archbishop to borrow money from the bank in order to hire papal dispensation. To repay the debt, Pope Leo X then allowed Albert to sell indulgences. Wittenberg was in the political jurisdiction of Frederick of Saxony, one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire. (Boehmer, 128) Frederick forbade the sale of indulgences within his territory, so the people of Wittenberg, including some of Luthers students, would cross the border from Saxony into Jutenborg in Thuringia to buy these indulgences

Kitchen Cabinetâ€Origin of the Term and Its Political Meaning

The Kitchen Cabinet was a mocking term applied to an official circle of advisers to President Andrew Jackson. The term has endured through many decades, and now generally refers to a politicians informal circle of advisers.   When Jackson came into office after the bruising election of 1828, he was very distrustful of official Washington. As part of his anti-establishment actions, he began to dismiss government officials who had held the same jobs for years. His reshuffling of the government became known as​ the  Spoils System. And in an apparent effort to ensure that power rested with the president, not other people in the government, Jackson appointed fairly obscure or ineffectual men to most of the posts in his cabinet. The only man considered to possess any  real political stature in Jacksons cabinet was Martin Van Buren, who was appointed secretary of state. Van Buren had been a very influential figure in politics in New York State, and his ability to bring northern voters in line with Jacksons frontier appeal helped Jackson win the presidency. Jacksons Cronies Wielded the Real Power The real power in Jacksons administration rested with a circle of friends and political cronies who often did not hold official office. Jackson was always a controversial figure, thanks largely to his violent past and mercurial temperament. And  opposition newspapers, implying there was something nefarious about the president receiving much unofficial advice, came up with the play on words, kitchen cabinet, to describe the informal group. Jacksons official cabinet was sometimes called the parlor cabinet. The Kitchen Cabinet included newspaper editors, political supporters, and old friends of Jacksons. They tended to support him in such efforts as the Bank War, and the implementation of the Spoils System. Jacksons informal group of advisers became more powerful as Jackson became estranged from people within his own administration. His own vice president, John C. Calhoun, for example, rebelled against Jacksons policies, resigned, and began to instigate what became the Nullification Crisis. The Term Endured In later presidential administrations, the term kitchen cabinet took on a less derisive meaning and simply came to be used to denote a presidents informal advisers. For example, when Abraham Lincoln was serving as president, he was known to correspond with newspaper editors Horace Greeley (of the New York Tribune), James Gordon Bennett (of the New York Herald), and Henry J. Raymond (of the New York Times). Given the complexity of issues Lincoln was dealing with, the advice (and political support) of prominent editors was both welcome and extremely helpful. In the 20th century, a good example of a kitchen cabinet would be the circle of advisers President John F. Kennedy would call upon. Kennedy respected intellectuals and former government officials such as George Kennan, one of the architects of the Cold War. And he would reach out to historians and scholars for informal advice on pressing issues of foreign affairs as well as domestic policy. In modern usage, the kitchen cabinet has generally lost the suggestion of impropriety. Modern presidents are generally expected to rely on a wide range of individuals for advice, and the idea that unofficial persons would be advising the president is not seen as improper, as it had been in Jacksons time.